Incoterms 2020 c\u00f3 g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi Incoterms 2010. \u2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n2. Nh\u00f3m F<\/h2>\n
Trong nh\u00f3m F c\u00f3 3 nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 FOB, FCA, FAS. V\u1eady b\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m F l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? H\u00e3y nh\u1edb F l\u00e0 free ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng.\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m F.V\u1eady \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t,chia ra 3 nh\u00f3m FCA, FAS, FOB. Xin tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n l\u00ean t\u00e0u:
\n2.1 FCA-Free Carrier-Giao h\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf
\nCh\u1ec9 b\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00ean v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua. Sau khi b\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i h\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 , t\u00f4i b\u00e1n 2 container v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e8n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n FCA sang M\u1ef9, c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf K\u1ef3 Anh. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i giao h\u00e0ng \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf K\u1ef3 Anh, th\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea xe n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng l\u00ean xe container chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn.L\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, v\u1eabn b\u00e1n theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n FCA, nh\u01b0ng giao h\u00e0ng \u1edf kho trung chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf T\u00e2n C\u1ea3ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00fac n\u00e0y vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng l\u00ean xe container chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 lo l\u1ea5y. Nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn kho trung chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ed3i c\u00f2n g\u00ec. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1eadp k\u1ebft h\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m FCA? \u2013 Nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn FCA h\u00e3y nh\u1edb t\u1eeb C-Carrier ,Free Carrier \u2013Mi\u1ec5n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/p>\n
2.2 FAS-Free alongside-Giao h\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc m\u1ea1n t\u00e0u:<\/h3>\n
Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n, cao h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m FCA, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng giao h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay \u0111i\u1ec3m trung chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0ng x\u1ebfp d\u1ecdc m\u1ea1n t\u00e0u.\u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y h\u00e3y nh\u1edb t\u1eeb Free Alongside \u2013 Mi\u1ec5n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp d\u1ecdc m\u1ea1n t\u00e0u.<\/p>\n
2.3 FOB-Free on Board-Giao h\u00e0ng l\u00ean t\u00e0u
\n\u1ede \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n FAS tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ta l\u00e0 giao h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1n t\u00e0u, th\u1ebf c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu khi b\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb m\u1ea1n t\u00e0u l\u00ean t\u00e0u, ch\u1eb3ng may h\u00e0ng b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 th\u00ec sao, ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m? Ai tr\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n FOB.V\u1eady nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn FOB, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i giao h\u00e0ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng l\u00ean t\u00e0u. T\u1eeb Free on board n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 Mi\u1ec5n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m khi \u0111\u00e3 giao h\u00e0ng l\u00ean t\u00e0u.Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00f3m F , h\u00e3y nh\u1edb 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n: FCA\u2014\u2014\u2014>>>FAS\u2014\u2014\u2014>>> FOB<\/strong>
\nCh\u1ecbu chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u.V\u1eady l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m E, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m sao th\u00ec l\u00e0m.
\n\u0110\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m F, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 n\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00ed, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf.V\u1eady cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0\u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn lu\u00f4n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.Khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea t\u00e0u v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e3y nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m C. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1eeb g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m C l\u00e0 t\u1eeb cost t\u1eeb c\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed<\/p>\n3. Nh\u00f3m C<\/h3>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m C, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n s\u1ebd lo th\u00eam t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea t\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong nh\u00f3m C<\/p>\n
3.1 CFR-Cost and Freight-Ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng, c\u00f2n chi ph\u00ed d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua ch\u1ecbu n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1 CFR = Gi\u00e1 FOB + F (C\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n)<\/strong><\/p>\n3.2 CIF-Cost-Insurance and Freight-Ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed<\/h3>\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng mua \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng b\u00e1n l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ch\u1ecbu r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng may h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng th\u00ec sao? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mua b\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfm cho h\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady CIF gi\u1ed1ng CFR ng\u00f2ai vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i mua b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec mua b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u theo FPA hay ICC(C) -110% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a giao d\u1ecbch.B\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb nh\u00f3m CIF v\u1ed1i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb I-Insurance-B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1 CIF=Gi\u00e1 FOB + F(c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n) +(CIF x R)= (FOB+F)\/(1-R)<\/strong><\/p>\nC\u00f3 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p mua h\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m sang, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ta \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, mu\u1ed1n ta chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ty hay \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, do v\u1eady ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n CPT, CIP.<\/p>\n
3.3 CPT-Carriage paid to-C\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed tr\u1ea3 t\u1edbi<\/h3>\n
CPT= CFR + F(C\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh).<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a CPT l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t CFR, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n th\u00eam c\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n
3.4 CIP-Carriage and insurance paid to-C\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ea3 t\u1edbi<\/h3>\n
CIP = CIF + (I+F)(C\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh)
\n= CPT+I (C\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong nh\u00f3m C, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd sau :<\/p>\n
.Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp kh\u00e3u, n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.
\nTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n CFR \u2014\u2014->>> CIF\u2014\u2014->>> CPT\u2014\u2014->>> CIP
\nCIF, CFR ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u1ee7y
\nCPT, CIP \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n
Ta th\u1ea5y 3 nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u00f3m D?<\/strong><\/p>\nC\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n giao h\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng k\u00e8m theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n
L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 :<\/p>\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1:
\nC\u00f4ng ty Vietnam-Ship b\u00e1n v\u1ea3i s\u1ea5y \u00e9p kh\u00f4 cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c qua c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 giao h\u00e0ng cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c xe t\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi , vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf, thu\u00ea xe \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 do cty Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb xe t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m giao h\u00e0ng, ph\u00eda Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd lo.
\nV\u1eady ta ki\u1ec3m tra xem, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0o, trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m E, F, C m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e9 :
\nNh\u00f3m E: Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u giao h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, m\u00e0 v\u1ea3i th\u00ec thu gom \u1edf Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu theo E th\u00ec cty Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng \u1edf Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00f3m F:<\/h2>\n
FCA: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi ph\u00eca Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd thu\u00ea \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0o t\u1eadn PH\u00da Th\u1ecc l\u1ea5y v\u1ea3i.
\nFAS: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u1ee7y
\nFOB: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u1ee7y<\/p>\n