{"id":4599,"date":"2020-04-20T15:30:51","date_gmt":"2020-04-20T08:30:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/?post_type=kb&p=4599"},"modified":"2020-04-20T15:30:51","modified_gmt":"2020-04-20T08:30:51","slug":"dac-diem-va-tinh-chat-cua-muoi-nitrat-va-axit-nitric","status":"publish","type":"kb","link":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/kb\/dac-diem-va-tinh-chat-cua-muoi-nitrat-va-axit-nitric\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric<\/h2>\n

Mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric l\u00e0 2 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng. V\u1eady mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi bacdau.vn<\/strong> \u0111i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m axit nitric v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i nitrat<\/h3>\n

+ Axit nitric:<\/strong> C\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 HN03, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i m\u1ea1nh \u1edf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1ea9m. V\u00e0 \u1edf trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec HNO3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n m\u01b0a gi\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u01b0a axit. Axit nitric l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

+ Mu\u1ed1i nitrat:<\/strong> \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a axit nitric \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u; trong ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o hoa, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a bom kh\u00f3i, ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea9y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ef7 tinh v\u00e0 men g\u1ed1m.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a axit nitric<\/h3>\n

+ T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Axit nitric l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i \u1edf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec axit nitric r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng khi \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00ec axit nitric s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed NO2<\/p>\n

Axit nitric c\u00f3 D =1,53g\/cm3, s\u00f4i \u1edf 860C. Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i axit \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 68%, D=1,40g\/cm3.<\/p>\n

+ T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

– T\u00ednh axit:<\/strong> Axit nitric l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i axit \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c axit th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi baz\u01a1, oxit baz\u01a1 v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i m\u1edbi, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i amoni nitrat.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, Axit nitric l\u00e0 axit c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi ho\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Hidrio khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi t\u1ea1o ra mu\u1ed1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i oxi ho\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

– T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Axit nitric t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Pt v\u00e0 Au. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 axit, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y li\u00ean quan, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u1eed \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 N2, N2O, NH4NO3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh: Cu + 4HNO3 \u2192 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O<\/em><\/p>\n

– T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi phi kim:<\/strong> Axit nitric t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c phi kim hi\u1ec7n nay, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Silic v\u00e0 Halogen. Sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi phi kim s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra dioxit nito \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi axit \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 oxit nito \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi axit lo\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh: C + 4HNO3 \u2192 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O ho\u1eb7c 3C + 4HNO3 \u2192 3CO2 + 4NO + 2H2O<\/em>
\nP + 5HNO3 \u2192 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O<\/em><\/p>\n

– T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh: 3H2S + 2HNO3 (>5%) \u2192 3S\u2193 + 2NO\u2191 + 4H2O<\/em><\/p>\n

PbS + 8HNO3 (\u0111\u1eb7c) \u2192 PbSO4\u2193 + 8NO2\u2191 + 4H2O<\/em><\/p>\n

Ag3PO4 tan trong HNO3, HgS kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi HNO3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a axit nitric<\/h3>\n

+ \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng natri nitrat hay kali nitrat r\u1eafn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh: NaNO3+H2SO4\u2192HNO3+NaHSO4<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf axit nitric b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

– Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p:<\/strong> 2NO+O2\u21922NO2<\/p>\n

4NO2+2H2O+O2\u21924HNO3<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Axit nitric \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 tinh l\u1ecdc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 axit ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, HNO3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m, hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u hay thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m …<\/p>\n

Hi v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chia s\u1ebb tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric<\/strong> s\u1ebd giup b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00edt ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5ng sung v\u00e0o m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Hi v\u1ecdng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian vui v\u1ebb b\u00ean bacdau.vn<\/strong> nh\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric l\u00e0 2 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng. V\u1eady mu\u1ed1i nitrat v\u00e0 axit nitric l\u00e0 g\u00ec? ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi bacdau.vn \u0111i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4600,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"kbtopic":[764],"kbtag":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kb\/4599"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kb"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/kb"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4599"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kb\/4599\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4600"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4599"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kbtopic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kbtopic?post=4599"},{"taxonomy":"kbtag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bacdau.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kbtag?post=4599"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}